Friday, June 06, 2008

CBC: Behind the Preah Vihear Temple Affair

CFC/CBC 28 05 08 A
CAMBODIA’S BORDER COMMITTEE
Communiqué

BEHIND THE PREAH VIHEAR TEMPLE AFFAIR

Le texte en français se trouve en dessous du texte en anglais

With the agreement of Phnom Penh, UNESCO just endorsed Thailand’s argument that there is no defined border between Cambodia and Thailand in front of Preah Vihear, and that only the temple can be listed as a World Heritage Site. This first disavowal of the 1962 decision by The Hague International Court of Justice is a major victory for Bangkok. According to UNESCO’s criteria, such listing brings no benefit to Cambodia. Quite to the contrary, it dangerously weakens the statute of Preah Vihear. But, once again, Hun Sen had to yield to Thailand’s military, economic and financial threats and offers.

While claiming to recognize The Hague International Court of Justice decision regarding the ownership of the ancient temple by Cambodia, nevertheless, Bangkok opposed Phnom Penh’s demand to list the temple as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, without a joint “association” with Thailand. The public reasons provided by Thailand are confusing: the temple would belong to Cambodia, but not the Preah Vihear Mount on top of which the temple is built on, and the surrounding areas; as well as the “legitimate” rights by Thailand to benefit from this temple – from tourism (following a Khmer-Thai agreement date 27 July 1998), as well as from international aid for the restoration and maintenance of this temple. Some on Thailand side even claim that the border just cut across in front of the staircase leading to the temple, this is of course contrary to the International Court of Justice decision (see 1:2,000 scale map included in the court decision). At the same time, Thai troops were sent along the northern border of Cambodia to occupy portions of Cambodia’s territories and to chase away Cambodian residents, meanwhile the public sentiment is boiling up in Bangkok.

More serious contentions arose when Bangkok’s civilian and military officials let it be known that they globally reject the border delineation conducted by France (and then-Siam) one century earlier, and that the Preah Vihear case is nothing but an example of the imprecision of these delineations, both on land and on the seas. To support their claims, and based on “a treaty concluded with Phnom Penh in 2000,” Thailand, on its own, decided to rectify the “erroneous borderline set by France” by annexing over the Ta Mean temple and its surrounding areas, located in the Khmer province of Oddar Meanchey, before summoning the Cambodian and French ambassadors in Thailand to officially inform them of this Franco-Khmer “error” in this location in March 2008.

On the Cambodian side, Hun Sen did not protest against the Thai annexation of the Ta Mean temple. For the Preah Vihear temple, Hun Sen let the affair drags on since 2000 – coincidentally, it is the very same year he signed the Memorandum of Understanding with Bangkok to implicitly recognize the existence of the border overlap, the so-called border “white zones.” Next, in 2007, he decided to include an “insignificant” 4.6-square-kilometer area around the Preah Vihear temple in his request to list the temple on UNESCO’s World Heritage Site, and this led to Thailand’s extreme rage. However, there should not be any “white zone” in this area: the decision by The Hague International Court of Justice dated 15 June 1962 clearly indicated a preliminary agreement between the two parties on a border delineation between Thailand and Cambodia in this location, prior to the decision of the ownership of the temple and the surrounding areas to Cambodia, including the mountain bearing the same name. Furthermore, legally and according to International practice, the attribution of a historical building to a country is always undertaken with a surrounding area measuring 2 to at least 5 kilometers to the border delineation, in order to allow this country to proceed to its maintenance, protection and defense of the building involved. Therefore, the borderline in front of Preah Vihear should not cut across “just in front of the staircase.” Furthermore, in a 10-kilometer area surrounding Preah Vihear, there is no other historical building from that era there, on one side of the Dangrek Mountain chain and the other. Therefore, there is nothing to negotiate about anymore. As we stated, all that is needed is to refer to the map included in the decision handed down in Annex I by The Hague International Court of Justice, and to build the corresponding demarcation posts. However, Hun Sen and his cohorts preferred to allow this “white zone” to remain. Why?

Thailand knows that it is difficult for them to take back the Preah Vihear temple directly, but, they demanded and obtained, with the existence of this “white zone” at the foothill of the temple, the right to the “joint administration” of the temple itself. Most likely, Thailand did this as a principle matter because neither Thailand nor Cambodia will benefit much from material aid from UNESCO, nor from tourism in this location. In effect, Noppadon Pattama, Thailand Foreign Minister and a former business lawyer, proposed to subordinate the “joint administration” of Preah Vihear issue to that of the overlapping maritime zone, a maritime “white zone” extending over some 26,000-square-kilometer, located in front of the Khmer Koh Kong Island, subjected to common oil exploration between the two countries. Recently, according to Thailand’s news media, former Thai Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra, a great friend and client of Noppadon Pattama and also a great friend of Hun Sen, agreed with the latter for “a concession of Cambodian oil and gas exploration in exchange for a solution on Preah Vihear that will favor Phnom Penh.” In any case, Hun Sen was very happy to see that Thaksin, his great friend, had in mind “development projects for the Island of Koh Kong – with the construction of a second casino.” With the showing off of enormous sums of monies to be shared among “friends,” souvenirs from the Preah Vihear legal cases and the border issues between Cambodia and Thailand are conveniently forgotten, and only the “joint administration of the white zones” – which completely belonged to Cambodia prior to 1979 – is retained.

Of course, Thailand is also aware of Hun Sen’s weaknesses and those of his CPP in this issue of “white zones”: Hanoi’s domination of the Phnom Penh regime and Hanoi’s annexations of Cambodian land and maritime territories, precisely under the very same pretext of imprecision in the border delineation undertaken by France. Furthermore, on 11 August 1997, Hanoi signed with Bangkok a new delineation of their maritime border, by assigning themselves a bonus of about 30,000-square-kilometer of Cambodian maritime territories, including the entire Cambodia-Thailand “overlapping zone.” During that time, Hun Sen vaguely protested, but Thailand knew that he will never dare protest the legal problem in this zone because he is linked to the “Historical Waters” Agreement dated 07 July 1982 which he concluded with Hanoi. As for the joint administration of the “white zones,” it is nothing more than a “legal” hostage-taking of Khmer territories by Thailand, with the help of Hun Sen’s formal recognition of the existence of these zones, and thus providing Thailand the rights to these Khmer territories and their progressive occupation – since they are stronger, in terms of material means – while awaiting for Thailand’s complete annexation of these zones. The precedence can be clearly seen through the results of the joint Cambodia-Vietnam administration of the “Historical Waters” and other “joint development zones” in Cambodia’s South and East.

Since 1979, Hun Sen and his CPP created with Hanoi numerous and inextricable problems affecting Cambodia’s borders. Currently, any change to the border delineation in front of Preah Vihear will affect the 1962 decision provided by The Hague International Court of Justice, as well as the 1904 and 1907 Franco-Siamese Treaties which the court decision was based on. Thailand’s diplomatic and economic activism and the noise it brought to the news media largely surpass the real issue of listing the Preah Vihear temple with UNESCO. However, it allows the opportunity for Thailand to implant the alleged idea of “imprecision and errors committed by France” in the delineation of land and maritime border lines between Siam (Thailand) and Cambodia. When the time comes, Thailand can use this as a pretext for dramatic changes in these borders, as the Vietnamese just did on their side. This is an opportunity for Thailand to put pressure on the weak Hun Sen regime to accept Bangkok’s political (in addition to economical) tutelage, in an attempt to “balance” Hanoi’s tutelage. With that, Cambodia will no longer have any border, nor will she have a safe territory.

Done in Paris, 28 May 2008

Dy Kareth
Vice President,
Cambodia’s Border Committee in France and Worldwide
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LE COMITÉ DES FRONTIÈRES DU CAMBODGE
Communiqué

DERRIERE LE TEMPLE PREAH VIHEAR

L’Unesco, avec l’accord de Phnom-Penh, vient d’endosser l’argument thaï, selon lequel il n’y a pas de frontière définie entre le Cambodge et la Thailande devant Preah Vihear, et seul le temple peut être inscrit sur la liste du Patrimoine mondial. C’est une grande victoire de Bangkok avec ce premier désaveu de la décision de 1962 de la Cour internationale de justice de La Haye. Selon les critères de l’Unesco, une telle inscription n’a aucun intérêt pour le Cambodge. Au contraire, elle affaiblit dangereusement le statut de Preah Vihear. Mais, Hun Sen a dû céder une fois de plus aux menaces et propositions thaïes - militaires, économiques et pécuniaires.

Bangkok, tout en disant reconnaître l’arrêt de la Cour de La Haye sur l’appartenance au Cambodge de l’ancien temple, s’est opposée à la demande de Phnom-Penh de le faire inscrire sur la liste du Patrimoine mondial de l’Unesco, sans que la Thaïlande y soit « associée ». Les raisons évoquées publiquement sont confuses : le temple appartiendrait au Cambodge, mais pas le mont Preah Vihear – sur lequel est bâti le temple - et ses environs, et des droits « légitimes » thaïs sur les bénéfices tirés de ce temple – provenant du tourisme (suite à un accord khméro-thaï du 27/07/1998) comme de l’aide internationale pour sa restauration et son entretien. Des Thaïs ont même prétendu que la frontière passe juste devant l’escalier montant vers le temple, ce qui est contraire à la décision de la Cour (Voir carte de 1 :2000e annexée à la décision). En même temps, des troupes thaïes sont envoyées à la frontière du nord du Cambodge occuper des portions de territoires khmers et en chasser les habitants, pendant que les esprits s’échauffent dangereusement à Bangkok.

Plus grave encore, des officiels civils et militaires de Bangkok ont fait comprendre qu’ils rejettent globalement les tracés des frontières faits par la France (et le Siam) il y a un siècle, et que le cas de Preah Vihear n’est qu’un exemple parmi d’autres du problème de l’imprécision de ces tracés, aussi bien sur terre qu’en mer. Pour appuyer leurs dires, et en se basant sur « un traité avec Phnom-Penh en 2000 », les Thaïs ont rectifié eux-mêmes en 2004 la « ligne de frontière erronée laissée par la France », en annexant de force le temple Ta Mean et ses environs, de la province khmère d’Oddar Mean Chey, avant de convoquer les ambassadeurs khmer et français, en mars 2008, pour leur signifier officiellement de l’« erreur » franco-khmère à cet endroit.

Du côté khmer, Hun Sen n’a pas protesté contre l’annexion thaïe du temple Ta Mean. Sur Preah Vihear, il a laissé traîner l’affaire depuis 2000, année où, curieusement, il a signé un Memorandum of understanding avec Bangkok, reconnaissant implicitement l’existence de zones de chevauchement territorial, des « zones blanches » aux frontières. Puis, en 2007, il a décidé d’inclure un espace insignifiant de 4,6 Km² autour du temple Preah Vihear dans sa demande d’inscription du temple sur la liste de l’Unesco, ce qui a soulevé la grosse colère des Thaïs. Or, il ne devait pas avoir de « zone blanche » à cet endroit : l’arrêt de la Cour de La Haye du 15 juin 1962 a bien indiqué un accord préalable entre les parties d’un tracé de frontière entre la Thaïlande et le Cambodge à cet endroit, avant de décider l’appartenance du temple et de ses environs, dont le mont du même nom, au Cambodge. Et, en droit et dans la pratique internationale, l’attribution d’un bâtiment historique à un pays se fait toujours avec un espace environnant de deux à au moins cinq kilomètres avant la délimitation de la frontière, pour permettre à ce pays de procéder à l’entretien, à la protection et à la défense dudit bâtiment. La ligne frontalière devant Preah Vihear ne saurait donc passer « juste devant son escalier ». D’ailleurs, dans un rayon de 10 Km autour de Preah Vihear, il n’y a aucun autre bâtiment historique de ces époques, en deçà de la chaîne du Dangrèk comme au-delà. Il n’y avait donc rien à négocier encore. Il suffisait, nous l’avons dit, de se référer à la carte retenue par la décision de la Cour de La Haye dans son Annexe I et d’y implanter les bornes de démarcation correspondantes. Mais Hun Sen et les siens ont préféré laisser subsister cette « zone blanche ». Pourquoi ?

Les Thaïs savent qu’il leur est difficile de reprendre directement le temple Preah Vihear, mais ont réclamé et obtenu, avec l’existence de cette «zone blanche» au pied du temple, le droit à l’«administration conjointe» du temple lui-même. Pour le principe, sans doute, car ni les Thaïs ni les Khmers n’auront vraiment pas grande chose à bénéficier de l’aide matérielle de l’Unesco, ni du tourisme à cet endroit. Effectivement, le ministre thaï des Affaires étrangères, Noppadon Pattama (un ex-avocat d’affaires), a proposé de subordonner le problème d’«administration conjointe» de Preah Vihear à la résolution de celui de la zone de chevauchement maritime, une « zone blanche » en mer de quelque 26 000 Km², située en face de l’île khmère Koh Kong et promise à l’exploitation d’hydrocarbures sous-marines. Récemment, selon la presse thaïe, l’ancien Premier Ministre Thaksin Shinawatra, un grand ami et client de Noppadon Pattama et également de Hun Sen, se serait entendu avec ce dernier pour « une concession d’exploitation du pétrole et du gaz cambodgiens, en échange d’une solution sur Preah Vihear favorable à Phnom-Penh ». En tout cas, Hun Sen est très content que son grand ami Thaksin ait « des projets de développement – avec la construction d’un 2e casino - pour l’île Koh Kong ». Avec cette agitation d’énormes quantités de dollars à se partager entre « amis », l’on effacerait donc petit à petit le souvenir des questions juridiques de Preah Vihear et des frontières khméro-thaïes, pour ne retenir que celles des « gestions communes des zones blanches » – qui étaient totalement khmères avant 1979.

Evidemment, les Thaïs sont conscients aussi des faiblesses de Hun Sen et son PPC dans le problème de ces « zones blanches » : la domination de Hanoi sur le régime de Phnom-Penh et ses annexions de territoires terrestres et maritimes cambodgiens, sous le prétexte, précisément, de l’imprécision des tracés de frontière laissés par la France. De plus, le 11 août 1997, Hanoi a signé avec Bangkok une nouvelle délimitation de leur frontière maritime, avec en prime la permission à cette dernière de s’enrichir d’environ 30 000 Km² du domaine maritime khmer, comprenant la totalité de l’actuelle « zone de chevauchement » khméro-thaïe. Sur le coup, Hun Sen a vaguement protesté, mais les Thaïs savent qu’il n’osera jamais soulever le problème juridique de cette zone, car il est lié à celui de l’Accord sur les « Eaux historiques » du 7 juillet 1982 que Hun Sen lui-même a signé avec Hanoi. Quant aux gestions communes khméro-thaïes des « zones blanches », elles seront ni plus ni moins des prises en otages « légales » de territoires khmers par les Thaïs, grâce à la reconnaissance formelle de Hun Sen de l’existence de ces zones, donc des droits des Thaïs sur les territoires khmers et leur occupation progressive, puisqu’ils sont matériellement les plus forts, en attendant de pouvoir les annexer complètement. L’on connaît déjà les résultats des gestions conjointes khméro-viêtnamiennes des «Eaux historiques» et d’autres « zones de développement commun » au sud et à l’est du Cambodge.

Hun Sen et son PPC ont créé avec Hanoi, depuis 1979, d’innombrables et inextricables problèmes touchant les frontières du Cambodge. Aujourd’hui, toute modification de la délimitation de la frontière devant Preah Vihear remettra en cause la décision de la Cour de La Haye de 1962, ainsi que les traités franco-siamois de 1904 et de 1907 sur lesquels s’est basée la Cour. L’activisme diplomatico-économique et le tapage médiatique actuels des Thaïs dépassent largement l’enjeu réel de l’inscription du temple à l’Unesco. Mais ils leur donnent l’occasion d’ameuter l’opinion sur « les imprécisions et les erreurs de la France » dans les tracés des lignes de frontières terrestre et maritime entre le Siam (la Thaïlande) et le Cambodge. Ils pourront, le moment venu, s’en servir comme prétexte à des révisions dramatiques de ces frontières, comme l’ont déjà fait les Viêtnamiens de leur côté. C’est donc une occasion thaïe de presser un faible Gouvernement Hun Sen d’accepter une certaine tutelle politique (en plus de l’économique) de Bangkok, pour tenter de faire «équilibre» avec celle de Hanoi. Le Cambodge n’aura plus alors de frontière, ni de territoire sûr.

Paris, le 28 mai 2008
P. Le Comité des Frontières du Cambodge
en France et dans le Monde,

Dy Kareth
Vice-Président

16 comments:

Anonymous said...

Well said CBC. I am behind you 100%. I will send more donation as a token of appreciation and support of your priceless work to maintain and preserve Cambodia's integrity. Thank you.

Anonymous said...

Rhetorics. Fact of the matter is Khmer-Thai owns the temple and the land in that area.

Anonymous said...

Never heard of Thai Empire but Khmer. This Preah Vuhea built when?

Anonymous said...

Have you heard of assassination to a leader. When thing got too complicated, there is only one way out. That stupid jerk is born as Khmer, but oppresses his own people to serve these two foreigners. Therefore, he deserves to be a death sentence.

Anonymous said...

note that thailand has always adopt a policy of win/win since french colonized cambodia and wwII. they always try to exchange one thing for another at the expense of cambodia by claiming khmer land in one area in exchange for another area, and cambodia is still losing by their clever tactic. i think cambodia needs to learn the thai stealing tactic and refuse to allow the go ahead of treaty or whatever with the siem as cambodia is always stands to lose. remember, too, during wwII, they sided with the then japan to claim battambang and siem reap in exchange for japan to briefly use thailand as a staging ground for the war, however, when japan lost world war II, they again switched side to ally the USA and other winners. one has to read the history books and study their policy toward cambodia to know their despicable intention on cambodia in order to gain khmer precious land for their own. cambodia needs to be wary of any thai treaty as it is always in their national interest at the without regards to cambodia's own national interest as well.

also, it is not fair for anyone to say something like: but thailand and vietnam have larger population like 65 millions and 85 millions, respectively in comparable to cambodia's 14 or 15 millions people. it's just not right and definitely not fair to cambodia to compare like that; it's definitely not just either. it's like comparing china to the USA or india to australia or what else out there in the world. this kind of population comparison doesn't justify any country the rights to intentionally violate or annex other smaller countries just because they have more population than cambodia; it's just not right to say like that. it definitely does not give thailand or vietnam the rights to steal from cambodia. i'm sure the world can see their true color of their criminal intention like that on cambodia. cambodia cannot buy that nor can we accept that kind of thinking intruding on us. just because you have a larger population or whatever ( which i think the more population you have the more problems with society and environment that brings along with a large population, not to mention more crime, poverty and definitely a burden to natural resources like food, the environment, land, water, etc...)doesn't give you the right to come and invade us and steal from cambodia and so on! so, i don't buy such argument for the world is made up of a lot of smaller nations as well as bigger nations; still, that doen't mean you invade your neighbor by justifying that your population is larger or whatever! god bless cambodia and her beautiful khmer people.

Anonymous said...

11:19, you are talking motherland's propaganda here. The truth is Khmer has always been divided for centuries and still is, as you can see throughout Cambodia today. Nothing has changed. The only differences is back then each side called on difference Chinese tribe to protect them from the motherland, but they are still Khmer, not Thai or Viet, and they are entitle to a fair share of the temple in their area. What is unfair is to cut of Khmer people because they associated with Chinese people.

Anonymous said...

I have no fear for the 65 million Thiacong and the 85 million Vietcong populations! But what I fear the most is the ignorance, the betrayal, and the carefree attitude of Cambodian leaders who fail to take the issue of Cambodian sovereignty seriously who kept on signing some fucken treaties which they do not know the unintended consequence in the future!

It takes only one mad scientist to build the Bomb to kill million and million of people so for the Thaicong and the Vietcong to threaten Cambodian population to extinction with their million and million of people are very ridiculous!

I believe in the 21st century, the world must dictate by law and order, and the world court in order for people to have some fairness and that is one of the reasons why planet Earth has United Nations! But for those leaders who insisted on dictating by economic interest and personal gain at the expense of those people who feel the injustice will only promote more instability, more war, and more suffering!

It is time that Cambodian leaders must do the right thing for Cambodian people and that is to stand strong and protect what belong to Cambodian people and Cambodian nation!
Cambodian people don’t like loser! If any Cambodian leaders born to be a loser than it is time for them to step down now because for the love of their life and the love of their family they must consider! Cambodian people had been humiliated too much and too long already by all the fucken treaties that stupid Cambodian leaders signed carelessly with the Vietcong and the Thaicong! Please no more humiliation because no one will allow humiliation to go on forever!

I believe in one man army mission!

Anonymous said...

Come on SRP! Wake up and take the issue to the voters. How many votes you'll get from this?

Anonymous said...

CPP will draw a new map for Preah Vihear. When they win the election they will draw a new map for Cambodia.

Anonymous said...

CBC assessed the outcome of the meeting between SokAn and Noppadon Pattama correctly. We lost this meeting to Thailand because UNESCO failed to recognized the Wolrd court decision of 1962. This court decision said Preah Vihear and the nearby land are Khmer based on Franco Siam treaty of 1904-07. The consequence is that the Thai now will not respect this treaty and they will claim more land and sea from Cambodia. The present Thai claiming of oil and gas in front of Koh Kong is the start of this Thai expansionism. We should go to world court again, this time to complain as plaintif that Thai is violating the 1904-07 treaty and that we suffer loss of property. Get a good lawyer this time. Sok An is good but he is not a lawyer.

Anonymous said...

That is also how the Khmer-Thai feel, 1:02. Go and tell them that.

Anonymous said...

FUCK they just won't stop!! these fucking dogs!! lets get a neclear bomb!! kill them all! fucking pret wanna take a piece of us!! you fucking die! chop their heads off!!!

Anonymous said...

8:39 AM Rhetorics. Fact of the matter is Khmer-Thai owns the temple and the land in that area.

Another Rhetorics say : Bangkok belongs to Khmer.

Khmer Canadian

Anonymous said...

To 10:39PM

At least the fucken Thaicong make their rhetoric come true and now Khmer Phrea Vihear temple is under their jurisdiction! And the Thaicong has the right to use Khmer Phrea Vihear temple to advertise to attract more tourists to make more money on Khmer head!

The fucken Cambodian leaders is always to last one to start and the very last to finish because they never believe in their conviction to what does it means to be Khmer!

I praise the Jewish people because at least they have a country to called home and whoever want to commit atrocity against Jewish people and they can always ran back to their country! And this really reminded me of the Khmer Krom people who can't even run anywhere and not even to Cambodia because AH HUN SEN Vietcong is patiently wait day and night to finish them off at the Vietcong government command!

Cambodia is the most unfortunately country in the world to be located between the Thaicong and the Vietcong unless these Cambodian people can come up quickly with something to protect themselves! No peaceful Buddhist philosophy in the world will help them to coexist with their archenemy!

Anonymous said...

I suggest to vote for war against the Thaicong.
Our brother China will help us .

Anonymous said...

You are right, 10:39, but when do you want to democratically merge?