In preparation for the start of trial hearings beginning on 27 June 2011 of Case 002 against the surviving Khmer Rouge senior leaders Nuon Chea, Khieu Samphan, Ieng Sary and Ieng Thirith, KI Media is starting a new series in posting installations of the public document of the Closing Order of Case 002. The Closing Order of the Co-Investigating Judges forms the basic document from which all the parties (Co-Prosecutors, Co-Lead Lawyers for all civil parties, Defense Lawyers) will be making their arguments before the Trial Chamber judges (one Cambodian President, 2 Cambodian Judges, 2 UN judges). Up until now, the hearings involving these four surviving senior Khmer Rouge leaders have been in the Pre-Trial Chamber over issues of pre-trial detention and jurisdictional issues. Beginning in June 2011, the Trial Chamber will hear the substantive arguments over the criminal charges (e.g. genocide, crimes against humanity, penal code of 1956). Available in Khmer and French. Contact the ECCC for a free copy.
CLOSING ORDER
of Co-Investigating Judges You Bunleng and Marcel Lemonde, 15 September 2010
E. COMMUNICATION /REPORTING
RAK had a hierarchical command structure that was reflected by its communication structure. Reports were collected inside the divisions and then transmitted to the Centre level command bodies, these being the General Staff. Commands were issued via the same lines of communication. Central command transmitted its orders to the divisions, where they were further sent to lower level commanders that carried them out.
Communication Between Divisions and Centre
Communication between the divisions and the Centre was continuous, with several contacts every day.413 The Centre command level regularly communicated with divisions414 and relied on the divisions to forward its commands to lower-level units. Important decisions on the division level were to be taken by the Centre command bodies.415 Divisions sent reports to the Centre command bodies on a regular basis, usually reporting on military engagements, discoveries of internal enemies and other matters.416
Communication was facilitated by various means. One of the most common communication lines was via radio and telegraph lines, including oral communication as well as messages.417 To this end, the General Staff418 as well as the individual divisions419 maintained radio and telegraph units. Messages sent and received by RAK were encoded.420
Messengers were also frequently used to transport messages.421 Individual divisions had messenger units to provide these services.422
Communication between the General Staff or the Military Committee on the one side, and individual divisions on the other side, was frequently forwarded to members of the Central Committee.423
Another common means to communicate between the Centre command bodies and the divisions was via in-person meetings.424 Meetings ranged from smaller gatherings425 to large rallies.426 Examples for larger meetings are the meetings conducted before the final attack on Phnom Penh,427 and before the purge of the Eastern Zone.428 Large rallies often included speeches by senior CPK functionaries.429 Some witnesses report that military meetings were held at the Olympic Stadium of Phnom Penh for commanders of units from the battalion level upwards, chaired by Son Sen.430
Inside the divisions, communication followed the command structure, with commanders usually communicating with their direct superiors and subordinates. Commanders reported to their superiors on various matters and received orders from them.431 Everyday communication was often carried out through the use of portable radios,432 although messengers,433 telegrams,434 and meetings435 were also used.
F. DISCIPLINE
Criticizing and self-criticizing sessions were held in military units where troops were expected to criticize their mistakes and also implicate their comrades.436 This technique of control and discipline was also used in meetings organized by the General Staff.437
When bad conduct was detected, several forms of punishment were used to discipline troops. Besides punishments inside the military units themselves,438 troops would be sent to reeducation439 or worksites440 or were killed.441 Commanders that disobeyed orders or were considered traitors were arrested and subsequently killed.442 For purposes of interrogation and arrest of alleged traitors, RAK units either used installations of the Centre like S-2 1443 or their own security offices.444
G. PARTICIPATION OF RAK IN PURGES
As part of its responsibility for internal security, RAK carried out purges under the orders of the CPK Centre.
During the official July 1975 RAK gathering the Chairman of the High-Level Military Committee of the Party declared that the Revolutionary Army must defend the country against "internal enemies", whom he instructed it was the Revolutionary Army's duty "to continue to smash" 445 During RAK meetings of secretaries and deputy secretaries of divisions and independent RAK regiments the measures discussed included purges of "no- good elements".446
Duch explains that in the period immediately after 17 April 1975 - in the absence of any centre security organ - orders to execute ex-Khmer Republic officers and others who were considered enemies - were carried out by military personnel answering to zone secretaries, who received their orders from the Standing Committee.447 Zone units entering Phnom Penh448 and by zone and subordinate units entering other towns, such as Pursat in the Northwest Zone449 carried out executions.450 Involvement by zone, sector and district military forces in local executions continued in some parts of the country throughout the regime. This was the case at the West Zone Sector 37 and Prey Nup District security complex at Koh Kyang,451 the autonomous Sector 105 security complex at Phnom Kraol in Koh Nhek,452 and the Prey Damrei Srot district security complex in Kampong Tralach Leu District (12) of West Zone Sector 31.453
According to one witness, the decision to carry out purges within the military ranks was made by the Standing Committee, with Son Sen acting on the orders of Pol Pot, Nuon Chea and Ta Mok".454 He also referred to the existence of a purge "planning meeting of the Standing Committee which comprised Pol Pot, Nuon Chea and Ieng Sary".455 The same witness reports that the purge orders were conveyed at a meeting of military commanders convened by Pol Pot, Nuon Chea, Ta Mok and Son Sen.456
3 comments:
This ECCC or Khmer Rouge Trials has failed long ago because of the following:
1. This ECCC in not independent.
2. Political interference from Hun Sen.
3. Everything this ECCC has done for over 3 years since 2007 has been very secretive and not fully informed the public (the victims ).
4. Big scandal of corruption to obstruct the court process ( ECCC ) of Case 002.
5. Detaining suspects beyond detaining time (over 3 years ) to avoid fully public hearing of Case 002.
If Case 002 undergo public hearing there will be many other countries involved one of them is Yuon Hanoi who formed Khmer People's Revolutionary Party and later on Known as CPP.
So the real killers of Khmer innocent people are still at large that to say CPP and yuon Hanoi the mastermind of killing field between 1975-1979 in Cambodia.
To back up my above comment all these answers are in Indochina Federation formed by late Ho Chi Minh in 1930.
We are the victims of killing field between 1975-1979 must know the real Khmer history at least between 1930-2011 so we know when and how yuon Hanoi formed CPP.
So this ECCC is 100% a failure to find justice for 1.7 million of Khmer victims.
So Case 002 will face a lot of obstacles , not fully public hearing.
Koh Tral Island must not be forgotten
By Ms. Rattana Keo
Why do Koh Tral Island, known in Vietnam as Phu Quoc, a sea and land area covering proximately over 30,000 km2 [Note: the actual land size of Koh Tral itself is 574 square kilometres (222 sq miles)] have been lost to Vietnam by whose treaty? Why don’t Cambodia government be transparent and explain to Cambodia army at front line and the whole nation about this? Why don't they include this into education system? Why?
Cambodian armies are fighting at front line for 4.6 km2 on the Thai border and what's about over 30,000km2 of Cambodia to Vietnam. Nobody dare to talk about it! Why? Cambodian armies you are decide the fate of your nation, Cambodian army as well as Cambodian people must rethink about this again and again. Is it fair?
Koh Tral Island, the sea and land area of over 30,000 square kilometres have been lost to Vietnam by the 1979 to 1985 treaties. The Cambodian army at front line as well as all Cambodian people must rethink again about these issues. Are Cambodian army fighting to protect the Cambodia Nation or protecting a very small group that own big lands, big properties or only protecting a small group but disguising as protecting the Khmer nation?
The Cambodian army at front lines suffer under rain, wind, bullets, bombs, lack of foods, lack of nutrition and their families have no health care assistance, no securities after they died but a very small group eat well, sleep well, sleep in first class hotel with air conditioning system with message from young girls, have first class medical care from oversea medical treatments, they are billionaires, millionaires who sell out the country to be rich and make the Cambodian people suffer everyday.
Who signed the treaty 1979-1985 that resulted in the loss over 30,000 km2 of Cambodia??? Why they are not being transparent and brave enough to inform all Cambodians and Cambodian army at front line about these issues? Why don't they include Koh Tral (Koh Tral size is bigger than the whole Phom Phen and bigger than Singapore [Note: Singapore's present land size is 704 km2 (271.8 sq mi)]) with heap of great natural resources, in the Cambodian education system?
Look at Hun Sen's families, relatives and friends- they are billionaires, millionaires. Where did they get the money from when we all just got out of war with empty hands [in 1979]? Hun Sen always say in his speeches that Cambodia had just risen up from the ashes of war, just got up from Year Zero with empty hands and how come they are billionaires, millionaires but 90% of innocent Cambodian people are so poor and struggling with their livelihood every day?
Smart Khmer girl Ms. Rattana Keo,
This Khmer Rouge Trials is really Fuck and theater for Khmer victims, the UN can't do nothing in this land because the former Khmer Rouges (stand behind by Viet and China) have always intervened from the beging. The real victims are the people after 17 April 1975.
More than 200 Millions Dollars for the show only one man and this money make the CPP lawyers rich. Instead only 120 Millions Dollars all of the Adult Hitler's henchmen during WW II was put in the prison, no one could escaped because this law is in the hand USA, UK , France, Russia. What is happen in Kampuchea, the law is in the hand of Hun Sen backed by Viet And because the UN is paper tiger like the song of KR during the 1975-1979.
former KR Victim (1975-79)
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