Thursday, July 07, 2011

Stronger civil society means more power for the weak

Protesters demonstrate in May against plans by the Cambodian government to introduce a law requiring NGOs to register. Photograph: LICADHO

A new fund set up by a coalition of NGOs recognises that civil society activists need back-up to help others fight for their rights

Thursday 7 July 2011
Jonathan Glennie
guardian.co.uk

There are a few truths in development that I hold to be self-evident and this is one of them: no matter what the problem, stronger civil society is always part of the answer. Unfortunately, as my colleague David Booth has pointed out to me, I don't have much evidence for this assertion, and on the face of it, it appears weak (don't you hate it when people insist on evidence?).

If we define development as rapidly rising living standards, some of the fastest growing countries in recent decades (such as China and the East Asian tigers) have been authoritarian regimes with little independent civil society. If we define development as the provision of public goods, like health and education, then a country like Cuba does very well, despite clamping down on dissent.

However, while growth in the last decade has been fairly spectacular in many parts of the world, the fruits of that growth have been shared very unevenly, with inequality generally growing. Strengthening civil society, in my view, will lend political power to those parts of society that need to argue for their needs and rights.


Furthermore, if we allow a broader definition of development, one that covers political and civil rights, not just "MDG-style" improvements in health, education and income, then one of the central aims of development is to enable ("empower") poor people to hold the powerful accountable. That, surely, is what civil society does at its best.

So it is good to see that a new coalition of international NGOs including Frontline Defenders (with whom I have collaborated in the past), Civicus, Freedom House and the Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development, has set up what they are calling the Embattled NGO Assistance Fund. The aim of this fund is to "help civil society activists withstand crackdowns and pressure, enabling them to continue their work to defend citizens' rights and freedoms".

Many people now agree that gradually direct aid to governments needs to be replaced by support to non-governmental activities, including the strengthening of those necessary parts of an effective and democratic state that are not centralised in the government.

There is, however, one major problem – the same one as ever. Aid is a form of soft power used by rich countries to gain influence abroad. Andrew Mitchell, the British development minister, made this memorably clear recently by calling for Britain to be an "aid superpower". That influence has often been used benignly, but equally often it has been used to shore up the interests of those powerful countries. This is a complex paradox at the heart of the development agenda, and it is often most apparent in work on political freedoms.

One of the founding members of the coalition is Freedom House, a US NGO set up 70 years ago to work at home and abroad on embedding political and civil rights. The work it does is commendable, and its ranking of countries as "free", "partially free", "unfree" is used widely. Nevertheless, concerns have been expressed about its strong alignment to US foreign policy interests. You would have to be slightly naive not to notice that 80% of the organisation's funding comes from the US government, and it is hard to understand how such arch-enemies of human rights as Otto Reich, Donald Rumsfeld, and Paul Wolfowitz have made it onto the board in the past.

This is not to say Freedom House doesn't do important work, but it does bring out the tension inherent in foreign governments supporting political rights (and any kind of development) in countries where they also have strategic interests. Which NGOs will receive funding, and which will be ignored? Those decisions matter if large amounts of money are involved.

Passing money through NGO consortia, as is the case with this new fund, rather than spending it as direct government aid, is generally a good way of reducing the political baggage that comes with it. When I worked at an NGO, I managed a lot of government money and we were given plenty of space to spend it as we saw fit. But the essential conundrum remains: it is hard to separate this kind of funding from the ideology and interests of the giver. Can foreign countries be trusted to support the interests of the poor and voiceless rather than putting their own interests first?

The answer, in short, is no. But there is no better option. The grave situation of human rights defenders in many countries requires concerted action, even if motives turn murky. Examples in the press release for the new fund include "a draft law in Cambodia to increase government control over NGOs, government freezes on NGO bank accounts in Ethiopia, the detention and torture of human rights defenders in Bahrain, coordinated attacks against and restrictions on the movement of opposition members in Iran, and the violent dispersal of demonstrations in Belarus".

Aid is certainly a tool in the armoury of some foreign policy apparatchiks to achieve their self-interested aims (think Otto Reich, Donald Rumsfeld and Paul Wolfowitz), but there are others with more holistic aims than simply the national interest. They exist in governments all over the world, and are especially common in aid ministries, and they need to get their hands on as much money as possible to plough into relatively more progressive endeavours. Because you can be sure the other side is doing the same.

I would be surprised if this new fund wasn't broadly a force for good in the world, particularly as the NGOs involved have demonstrated their independence and deep concern for human rights regardless of politics. And I am going to stick to my belief, evidenced or not. Whatever the assessment an external actor makes of a country's situation, one of the best things it can do is support the growth and development of independent community organisations, NGOs and the media.

8 comments:

Anonymous said...

សេចក្តីជូនដំណឹង!
កាលពីព្រឹកមិញនេះ នៅពីមុខសណ្ឋាគារភ្នំពេញ អ្នកភូមិបឹងកក់ប្រមាណ ២០០នាក់ជាង បានហែរទៅសាលាក្រុង តែត្រូវអាទូច ណារ៉ុថ បញ្ជាឲ្យចាប់តំណាងអ្នកភូមិបួននាក់ ១. ទេព វន្នី ២. សុខេង ៣. ផល្លី ៤. រស្មី ហើយត្រូវបានអាទូចណារ៉ុថ ប្រាប់ថា មិនដោះលែងទេ។ តាមពត៌មានឲ្យដឹងថា ឥឡូវនេះ តំណាងអ្នកភូមិបឹងកក់ទាំងបួននាក់ កំពុងជាប់ឃុំក្នុងបន្ទប់ងងឹតមួយនៅម្តុំសឡា។ អារបបឆ្កែបំរើផលប្រយោជន៍ក្រុមហ៊ុន និងយួននេះ ជិះជាន់ប្រជាពលរដ្ឋណាស់ ដើរប្លន់ដីគ្រប់កន្លែង។ លក់ដីរដ្ឋមិនអស់ចិត្ត ប្លន់ដីរាស្រ្តទៀត ជិតដល់ថ្ងៃអន្សារពួកអាឆ្កែអស់ឯងហើយ! របបអាឆ្កែនេះ វាសនាវា នឹងដូចអាសាដាមមិនខាន! សូមឲ្យអាមេដឹកនាំបែបក្រុមគ្រួសារនិងបក្សនិយមនេះ វារលាយអស់ពីផែនដីខ្មែរ!

Anonymous said...

it's shouldn't be about the strong or the weak, etc, it should be about demanding reforms, justice, doing the right thing, living the rule of law, social development, etc, in order to improve the standard of living in cambodia, you know! people often miss the point, here!

Anonymous said...

The photograph shows the most attractive Cambodian men. I love my Cambodian men.

Anonymous said...

believe it or not, it takes education and knowledge for people to make change, you know! be intelligent, use the rule of law to gain your advantage for your voice of change, no violence is necessary, a lot of time, you talk and know what you are saying, then people will listen to you, but if you don't know what you are doing and talk, then, the opposite is true as well, i.e. people don't listen to you, so be an effective public speakers as well, ok! effective people don't always have to talk out loud, sometimes, too, they talk softly but they carry a big stick, so there's your hint, ok! encourage young people to get involved, to be proactive in your community in order to make the real, lasting difference in cambodia, ok!

Anonymous said...

រឿងស្លាប់ទាំងអស់នេះខ្ញុំសម្តេចខ្លាំង ហ៊ុន សែន អត់បានធ្វើទេ គឺទ្រង រណរិទ្ធជាអ្នកបញ្ជាអោយសម្លាប់ សម្តេចអាណិតខ្មែរណាស់ ចង់តែអោយង៉ាប់អស់។

Anonymous said...

កុំចង់កាត់ក្បាល សែន អោយសោះ! គ្មាននណាខ្លាំងដូច សែនទេ! មនុស្សខ្វាក់ភ្នែកម្ខាង
ដូច សែននេះ កុំចង់សាកជាមួយអោយសោះ! មើលមុខ សែនអោយច្បាស់! ឈាមរបស់ សែនមិនសុទ្ធឈាមខ្មែរទាំងអស់ទេ! សែនត្រូវតែប្រើ
គ្រប់មធ្យោបាយដើម្បីបោសសំអាតអោយប្រទេសខ្មែរ
វាស្រឡាស់ស្រួលបន្តិច វាងាយស្រួលដល់ឈាម សែនចូលមករស់នៅបានស្រួល។ សែនអត់ក្បត់ជាតិខ្មែរទេ តែ...ខ..ឆាប់ង៉ាប់អស់នោះវាជាទិសដៅ។

Anonymous said...

ជនពូកែ វាគង់តែមានថ្ងៃប្រកាច់ទេ ។មានអា
ហ៊ុន សែនជាដើម គង់មានថ្ងៃខាតលក្សណ៍
ហិនលក្ខណ៍ធ្លាក់មកលើខ្លួនវាជាមិនខាន។
ស្ដេចអាឡិកហ្សិនដ្រឺដឺក្រេតត្រូតត្រាជិតពីរបី
ទ្វីប ក៏ត្រូវរលត់រលាយដែរ ចុះបើអាតូចច្រមក់
ហ៊ុន សែន រាស្ត្របះបោរតែមួយលាននាក់
វារត់មិនសព្វដីខ្មែរទេ។កុំអួតកុំអាង កុំដើរមើល
រាងកន្រ្ទោល ភ្នែកខ្វាក់ម្ខាង ប្រយ័ត្នរត់បុកមែក
ត្របែកខ្វាក់ភ្នែកម្ខាង រាស្ត្រចាប់ក្របួចក​ បញ្ជូន
តុលាការឡាអេដូចអាកាន់អំណាចផ្ដាច់ការ
មជ្ឈិមប៌ូពាទៅ កុំស្រែកងៅៗ។

Anonymous said...

Norodom Ranaridth and Nheuk Bun Chhay are Vietnam dogs and slaves. They are even CPP dogs and eat CPP shits for living. THey are animals who betray his supporters and his own army that help him to be the first Prime Minister. These animals are make khmer nation down from generation to generation.

THey are lie to their own army and supporters so they now can have sexual inter-course with young girls and live in luxury palaces.

Traitors! Traitors! Khmer people must not believe in King families blood anymore because we study the past of their lie and traitor skill in betray their army , supporters and even their own Khmer Nation and khmer people.

King families, relatives are equal traitors of all time after Angkor Era.