Experts and entertainment establishment owners look to find solutions to reduce AIDS spreading

Report by Khe Sonorng
Video by Mom Sophon

Cambodia's Female Beer Promoters are HIV Health Risk

A Cambodian "beer girl" fills a glass of Tiger beer at a restaurant in Phnom Penh. Each "beer girl" tries to sell a particular label of beer and hopes the customer will pick her to pour his beer all night. (Photo: AP)

Robert Carmichael, VOA
Phnom Penh Tuesday, 25 May 2010

"Women generally who are working in the entertainment industry in Cambodia - whether it is karaoke, massage parlors, in the beer promotion work - they are stigmatized by society. They are considered to be bad women."

Cambodia's drinking culture sees groups of men head to beer gardens after work. Once there, women in uniforms advertising global brands try to persuade the men to drink their brand, but risks to the health of these women have some worried.

Across Cambodia about 4,000 women work as beer promoters in hundreds of beer halls. Their job is to persuade men to drink their brand of beer.

But a new report by Professor Ian Lubek of Canada's University of Guelph says the low wages beer promoters receive force many into sex work.

The beer promoters are paid between $80 and $110 a month by local distributors. A family in Cambodia needs about $200 a month to get by.

The report says 57 percent of beer promoters interviewed last year in the town of Siem Reap engaged in sex work.

Lubek says the sex work leads to a high HIV risk. He believes HIV-related infections are behind a death rate of nearly 10 percent among 900 beer promoters in Siem Reap during the past seven years.

Speaking on Skype, Lubek says the women's average age at death was just 25.

"We feel that it is an economically driven activity. It is quite shameful to them - they lose respect in their home villages. They cannot get married because they agree to sell sex. But they have no other way."

The government's National AIDS Authority says an ongoing challenge is responding to sex work that now takes place outside brothels, after a 2008 law outlawed prostitution. It says one-in-five beer promoters reported not using condoms in a three-month survey period.

The National Aids Authority says the HIV rate among the general population is 0.9 percent. No one knows the actual rate among beer promoters, but figures as high as 20 percent have been cited.

The country head of non-governmental aid organization CARE International, Sharon Wilkinson, says her group found less than one-third of beer promoters interviewed in Phnom Penh had sold sex - about half the rate Professor Lubek reported. But she says beer-gardens are a tough workplace.

"It is an environment in which sexual harassment, including physical abuse, is high."

Wilkinson says the best way to improve the women's position is to change the way Cambodian men view them.

"Women generally who are working in the entertainment industry in Cambodia - whether it is karaoke, massage parlors, in the beer promotion work - they are stigmatized by society. They are considered to be bad women."

In response to criticisms, the major brewers in 2006 established the Beer Selling Industry of Cambodia. The association's stated objective is to improve the working conditions of beer promoters.

Among other things, that includes making sure the women have clear work contracts, are provided with transport to and from work, have clear grievance procedures, receive suitable training, and are provided with culturally-appropriate uniforms.

The association also bans women drinking alcohol at work, but Lubek found that prohibition was ignored by 99 percent of the women in the Siem Reap study. Most of them said they were pressured by customers to drink.

Lubek says the big four brewers; Holland's Heineken, Danish brewer Carlsberg, Belgium's AB-InBev, and London-based SAB-Miller whose beer the women represent, must take more responsibility for the promoters - starting with doubling their salaries.

Lubek also wants the brewers to improve training on sexual health issues and provide anti-retroviral drugs to women who need them.

But the brewers say the women do not work for them, they are employed by local distributors. All four brewers contacted for this story insist their beer promoters receive adequate wages and get good training.

The brewers say anti-retroviral drugs should be provided by health clinics - a stance with which Wilkinson at CARE agrees.

Businesses in Cambodia Should Address Unsafe Practices in Commercial Sex Industry, AIDS Authority Says

Nov 06, 2008
Kaiser Daily HIV/AIDS Report

As Cambodia's commercial sex industry increasingly moves away from brothels and into businesses such as karaoke bars and beer gardens, the country's National AIDS Authority is calling on private businesses to address unsafe sex practices in the industry, the Phnom Penh Post reports. According to NAA Secretary-General Teng Kunthy, a focus should be placed on ensuring that private businesses provide sex education and are more integrated into health services. "We think that the change of behaviors is a new challenge, as high-risk behaviors become associated with beer promotion and mobile work," Kunthy said, adding, "As a result, we need to make connections with the private sector."

According to a recent report from NAA, although Cambodia in 2002 adopted HIV/AIDS-related legislation, "enforcement and implementation in workplaces and the private sector is weak." It added, "This is especially important to gain access to businesses where there is a high reluctance to implement HIV prevention measures."

In particular, the construction industry in Cambodia poses an issue, according to NAA. The industry primarily is based on small companies that hire male workers who are mobile and work on short-term construction projects, making it difficult to ensure that the industry is providing workers with appropriate HIV/AIDS information -- including the risks of engaging in sex with commercial sex workers (Sokheng, Phnom Penh Post, 11/5).