What is the Khmer word for 'Globaliza​tion'?

គោរពអស់លោក

គណ:កម្មការវប្បធ៌ម​បានប្រែពាក្យ :

• Desastre(disaster) =​ ហាយនភាព
• Catastrope(catasrophy) = មហន្តរាយ​

មហន្តរាយ​ធ្ងន់ជាង ហាយនភាព។: ​(See, ហ្លួ​ងនិពន្ធ​មន្រ្តី ញុក ថែម "ស័ព្ទ បារាំងប្រែជាខ្មែររបស់គណ:កម្មការវប្បធម៌ "​ កម្ពុជសុរិយា (១៩៤៩).


Globe, globalisation and universal, universalisation.

កន្លមក ជាទូទៅគេបកពាក្យ "Globe" ថា "ភូគោល" (ភូ + គោល) (see also ជួន ណាត ១៩៦៧​ ​ទ៨២៣)។ មុននេះបន្តិចគេបក "globe" ថា "ទ្វីប" (Jean Moura, Cambodgien Vocabulaire (1878) ឯពាក្យថា "universel(universal)" ប្រែជាទូទៅថា "សាកល":​(​ញ. ថែម "ពាក្យថ្មីៗ..." កម្ពុជាសុរិយា (លេខ៤ ១៩៤៩)។

ទាំង"សាកល" ទាំង "universal" មានន័យថា "ទូទៅ". មិនមានន័យថា "ភូ ឬ ភូគោល" ឬ "លោក"ទេ។​ (ចំណាំ : "ភវ:" ជាមូលសព្ទ​នៃពាក្យ " ភូ "ភូត "ភព ភាព ភាវ: "សភាវ:" សភាព "ពិភព")។


"Globalisation" គួរប្រែថា "ភូឧបនីយកម្ម" ឬ "ភូគោលូនីយកម្ម"​ ឬ "លោកូនីយកម្ម​" ឬ ​ឲ្យខ្លីស្រួលនិយាយ "ភូនីយកម្ម​" ឬ "ភូគោលនីយកម្ម" ឬ "លោកនីយកម្ម" វាសមស្របជាង។​

ម្យ៉ាងទៀត ន័យជាខ្មែរនៃ "globlisation" យើងមានយូរហើយគឺពាក្យ "លោកវុឌ្ឍិ" ឬ "លោកវឌ្ឍន៍"​ : (ទូច គឹមសឿន ​ប្រជុំពាក្យវប្បធម៌ ១៩៥៦ ទំ55)។​ ថៃគេប្រែ "globalisation" ថា "โลกาภิวัตน์​(លោកាភវឌ្ឍន៍)" សឹងដូចខ្មែរដែរ។​

សាកលភាវូបនីយកម្ម​​(សាកល +ភាវ/ភាព + ឧបនីយ+កម្ម​) វាខុសន័យ ខុសរឿង "globalisation". "សាកលភាព" មានន័យថា"ភាពទូទៅ/universality" . "សាកល" ជាសភាពគុណនាម ដើម្បីបង្កើតសភាពនាម គេធ្វើអញ្ភសកម្ម (affixation)ដោយយកបច្ចឹមស័ព្ទ​ "ភាព" ដាក់ភ្ជាប់: សាកល+ភាព = សាកលភាព។ ខ្ញុំចង់និយាយថា "ភាព"មិនមែនមកពី ភូ ឬ ភព ទេ ថ្វីបើពាក្យ ភាព ភាវ ពភ ភូ ភូត មកពីពាក្យតែមួយគឺ "ភវ: " ក៏ដោយចុះ តែ "ភាព"ទីនេះជាបច្ចឹមស័ព្ទដោយលែកទៅហើយ។​ ដូចបច្ចឹមស័ព្ទ "ធម៌" កាលណាវាជាអញ្ពសសព្ទ (ឧ. មនុស្សធម៌ សុភាវធម៌)​ វាលែងជាមាន​ន័យជា "ធម៌" ឬ "ច្បាប់" ទៀតហីយ។ ដូច្នេះ "សាកលភាវូបនីយកម្ម" ជាវេវចន:ស័ព្ទនឹង "ទូទៅឧបន័យកម្ម​ " មិនមែននឹង "ភូឧបនីយកម្ម" ទេ ។​


​ដោយលែក រហូតដល់ឥឡូវ យើងពុំទាន់មានឯកភាពក្នុងការធ្វើអញ្ពសកម្ម ក្នងការបង្កើតការណន្តនាម (affixation of causitive noun) ផង​ទេ។ កន្លងមក "គេបានបង្កើតការណន្តនាមដោយប្រើបច្ចឹមស័ព្ទបែបនេះម្តង បែបនោះម្តង "​ពោលគឺម្តងយក "កិច្ច" ម្តងយក "កម្ម"​ ម្តងយក "ឧបនីយកម្ម" ម្តង "នីយកម្ម" ។ល។​មកប្រើ ដូចជា: ប្រជាធិប្​តេយ្យូបនីយកម្ម ឬ ប្រជានុវឌ្ឍន៍ (democratisation) យោធូនីយកម្ម (militarisation) ឬ វិយោធូនីយកម្ម (de-militarisation) អាណានិគមកម្ម ឬ​អាណានិគមកិច្ច (colonisation) ជាតូបនីយកម្ម (nationalisation) ធម្មនិយាមកម្ម (nornalisation)។​ ល។


ទាំងអស់នេះយើងអាចយក បច្ចឹមស័ព្ទ "នីយកម្ម"​ តែមួយមកប្រើបានទាំអស់ ទេតើ។ វាត្រូវន័យផង ព្រោះ "នីយ" មកពីកិរិយាសព្ទ "នេតិ" (នាំទៅ នាំឆ្ពោះ)។


ឯ "ឧបនីយ" (ឧបនីយកម្ម) មានន័យថា "យកមកជិត" គឹវាមិននាំទៅណាទេ។​ ខុសន័យ ខុសដៅ ហើយវាវែងជាង "នីយកម្ម" ទៀតផង។​ ហើយដោយសារ វាជា​សព្ទដែលផ្តើមដោយស្រ: "ឧ" កាលណាយកវាប្រើជាបច្ចឹមសព្ទ ត្រូវធ្វើសន្ធិ ភ្ជាប់ស័ព្ទណាដែលមានស្រ:ខាងចុង ឧ. : យោធូបនីយកម្ម (យោធា+ឧបនីយកម្ម)(militarisation) ឧស្សាហូបនីយកម្ម ​ (ឧស្សាហ + ឧបនីយកម្ម) Industrialsation): (Keng Vannsak, Principes de creation des mots nouveaux, (1964).

អស់លោក គណៈកម្មការ​បង្កើត​ពាក្យ​និង​កម្ចីពាក្យ គួរកែរឲ្យត្រូវ ហើយ ធ្វើ "ឯកភាពនីយកម្ម"​ ការប្រើបច្ចឹមសព្ទ និង​ អញ្ភសស័ព្ទ ដូចលោក កេង វ៉ាន់សាក់បានចង្អុលប្រាប់មកនោះហើយ។​


ទូច បូរ៉ា

Cambodia’s Struggle With Globalization [-Corruption, Corruption, Corruption!!!]

Monday, August 02, 2010
Hal Hill, Jayant Menon & Chan Sopha
East Asia Forum
The Jakarta Globe (Indonesia)

• Legal judgements are routinely for sale
• Ministers receive about $500 per month, but some seem to live quite lavishly
• The country’s tax effort (its tax revenue as a percentage of GDP) is a paltry 11 percent

The charming riverside capital of Phnom Penh, home to about 1.5 million inhabitants, has seen a lot in its turbulent history. But arguably nothing is on the scale of its first skyscraper, the 42-floor Gold Tower now nearing completion, not to mention the university and bank complexes mushrooming throughout this ancient city.

This changing physical landscape reflects broader developments across the country, which has been experiencing rapid economic growth — the sixth fastest in the world in the decade to 2007 — for the first time in its history.

More than two million tourists now visit this country of 14 million, a 20-fold increase over the figure in the early 1990s.

The Cambodian people have better nutrition and access to education and health services than ever before.

Since the cessation of internal hostilities almost two decades ago, life expectancy has risen by almost a decade and infant mortality has fallen significantly.

The macroeconomy is stable, with inflation under control, underpinned by very high levels of dollarization, currently about 90 per cent.

Debt service is almost negligible and public debt has fallen sharply, to about one-quarter of GDP.

The economy is highly open, with exports plus imports equivalent to more than 120 per cent of GDP. The investment climate is welcoming, with generous tax incentives and low tariffs.

Aid flows are very large, currently almost $1.1 billion in a $10 billion economy. The country’s openness meant that growth dried up in 2009 as the global financial crisis hit, but the economy is now rebounding.

So much for the good news. Cambodia, however, also faces many daunting problems.

The country ranks 166th and 135th respectively out of 181 countries surveyed in the Transparency International corruption perception index and the World Bank’s Doing Business indicators.

Deforestation and what is referred to locally as “land grabbing” have also been rampant.

The local dailies abound with reports of land being awarded to the politically powerful for nominal amounts, and a startling detailed account is presented in the 2008 study by Global Witness entitled “Country for Sale.”

In addition, the land price boom has often made some of the most vulnerable worse off, as they have been evicted or forced off their land. The periodic household expenditure surveys report a significant increase in inequality.

The country will also miss some of its Millennium Development Goal targets.

These problems are illustrative of the challenges faced by poor transitional economies in the process of opening up without the institutions to manage the complex process of globalization.

In this environment, the recent discovery of oil and gas could complicate things, as articulated in the resource curse thesis put forth by Richard Auty.

The central challenge is to achieve growth that is durable, equitable and environmentally sustainable. This in turn requires the development of institutions which, while they may be rudimentary, are effective, trusted and clean.

Where to start? Consider the following, for example:

• Cambodia has no shortage of laws, especially after its accession to the World Trade Organization in 2004. But businesses view the courts as the most expensive last resort when all else fails. Legal judgements are routinely for sale.
• Civil service salaries are meagre. A mid-level senior employee with a foreign masters degree receives $70 per month, compared to a private sector alternative of about 20 times this amount. Ministers receive about $500 per month, but some seem to live quite lavishly.
• The country’s tax effort (its tax revenue as a percentage of GDP) is a paltry 11 percent, despite the introduction of a broad value-added tax. Thus the country’s infrastructure remains inadequate, in spite of the very large aid flows, and notwithstanding recent improvements.
• The number of banks has increased rapidly due to unfettered entry. The lax prudential supervision carries with it the possibility of a future meltdown.
• Shipping a container from factory to port costs about double the regional average owing to widespread “facilitation” costs, a feature apparently of most transactions with the government.

Five general lessons for late reformers stand out from the Cambodian experience.

First, liberal and open economies cannot function without due respect for property rights, as exemplified by the widespread land grabs.

Second, these liberal regimes need adequate regulatory capacity to manage a modernizing market economy, as illustrated by the banking example above.

Third, large inflows of foreign aid and natural resource revenues ought to be viewed as transitory, and invested wisely for broad-based development.

Fourth, donors need to better coordinate their work and avoid imposing excessively on a weak bureaucracy.

Fifth, civil service reform has to be undertaken early, with clear incentives and disciplines.

Unless these conditions are met, the danger is that in Cambodia, and many other similar states, the achievements over the past decade in particular could be undone by economic crises, or rising civil unrest driven by outrage at the political and bureaucratic excesses.

Hal Hill is a professor of economics at the Australian National University; Jayant Menon is principal economist at the Asian Development Bank; and Chan Sophal is president of the Cambodia Economic Association.

Cambodia warns rich nations to forget poor at their own peril

October 14, 2008
DPA

Phnom Penh - Cambodia Tuesday urged developed nations to focus on poverty alleviation in less developed economies as part of a strategy to bolster the global economy.

In a speech to the annual International Monetary Fund and the World Bank meetings in Washington dated Monday and received Tuesday, Cambodia's IMF chair Chea Chanto and World Bank chair Aun Porn Moniroth warned that forgetting less developed nations during the financial crisis would have a long-term impact on the future of the global economy.

The statement said globalisation meant countries like Cambodia were neither immune nor insignificant in the current crisis.

"The task of poverty alleviation ... cannot afford delays or postponement ... if anything it needs much faster acceleration and concerted action," the statement said.

"Cambodia is getting fast integrated into the global economy. Because we are less developed we have so far been only bruised by the global events (but) we already feel the pains of high inflation, slowing economy and reducing exports."

Cambodia also called for developed nations to "write off, or provide swap arrangements in regard to past outstanding debts" and "open up their markets by reducing tariffs and local subsidies for products we can best supply at a lower cost."

Politiktoons No. 41: Global Meal

Cartoon by Sacrava (on the web at http://sacrava.blogspot.com
and also at http://politiktoons.blogspot.com)